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Learn about our latest announcement: Pixel, a phone by Google. Advertising Programmes Business Solutions +Google About Google Google.com . Search; Images; Maps; Play; YouTube; News; Gmail; Drive; More. The keyword is ACTUAL, not what it should be or perceived to be. It is a snapshot in time so it may not include all what- if and special scenarios, but these do warrant discussion as the team progresses. This is one potential downside because these must be captured for Process Mapping especially if these scenarios are high in risks and costs. These diagrams are used to track: Product Flow. Paper Flow. People Flow. Use a different line type or color for each flow type, or use separate map for each flow path for more clarity. Creating a Spaghetti Diagram should be done with or by the operators or those that use the process. 15 Cool Inventions for your Kitchen. Thousands of years without a special tool for cracking eggs. DMAIC Define - Measure - Analyze. DMAIC projects strive to reduce variation and improve performance about a target. Barilla pasta can make any meal that much tastier. Discover dinner recipes, different pastas, sauces and more at Barilla.com for all of your family dinner needs! Shop for measurers & timers online on Target.com. Find measurers & timers at Target. Title: Marshmallow Challenge Lesson Type: Construction/Process Target Grade: Elementary/High School Author: Julie Liang Semester: Fall, 2012 Challenge: Build the tallest structure using spaghetti and masking tape. Record the path with a pencil and use a measuring wheel or tape measure to document distances. Use directional arrows for the routes that are traced on the paper. Do not leave out any flow movement even if the paper becomes cluttered and difficult to follow. This probably indicates opportunity. Most often, the perceived unusual flow, or . Capture these! 4) Record the amount of time within each activity. Shows the areas where materials stops, staged, held, inspected and picked up. Look for point- of- use opportunities for materials, tools, and paperwork. Record the names of those involved, dates, times, and other relevant information. Calculate the distance, times, shift, starts, stops, to provide baseline performance. Create a separate diagram showing the ideal state of flow for each that eliminates as much non- value added tasks as possible. The team should target the ideal state and the Project Manager and Champion should remove obstacles that may prevent this objective. Operator Flow EXAMPLE: BEFOREIDEAS to IMPROVESpaghetti Diagram Improvements (after several inexpensive iterations): AND/ON lights to signal for raw material, paperwork, and part removal. Tooling shadowboard placed at the Point- of- Use. Repaint all equipment and floor. New tables fabricated to all have same appearance and color schemes. Layout reorganized to minimize operator travel. Foot pedal to allow quicker and safer use of grinder. Tools prepared and qualified by QC prior to being used. Inspection equipment upgraded and organized with local task lighting. Scrap bin placed at machine discharge and analyzed daily. Anti- fatigue mats placed under primary working area. Physical samples of good/bad pieces available for each job. Oil/Water plumbed directly to machine – eliminate travel. Compressed air line suspended overhead on retractor mechanism. Visual work instructions on standard set- up procedure. Sent operators to advanced machinery training at manufacturer. KANBAN for perishable tools such as pins, grease, and punches. Dry- erase Production Board to record production, scrap, and downtime. Relocate inspection closer to operator. Tugger to bring standard items to and from operator, such as tooling, gloves, and paperwork. AFTER the IMPROVEMENTSSet- Up Time Reduced by 8. Purpose. The idea is to make quick and vigorous improvements to the Spaghetti Diagram with zero tolerance for waste. Keep in mind the machine or station Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) and all the Lean Manufacturing principles and relentlessly work and train to make the improvements. Try to keep the longer term action items from interfering with activity and positive momentum. Don't try to achieve the perfect state right away, get some improvements in place and plan to improve from there. It may take several iterations before the final layout is determined. Ideas will be generated as changes are being done and results will vary. Execute as many of these changes with little cost and the best quality possible. Some items may require capital investment and management approval. These should be investigated and submitted if justifiable. Make a note of these outstanding action items with timelines to the project checklist but don't allow them to stall progress. Put the open action items on an easel or board in the specific area and keep it visible for everyone to see. It is also a good idea to audit the changes, especially until new habits are embedded and the culture is ingrained. In order to make a fundamental improvement to the spaghetti diagram, these ideas must be supported by upper management. Doing things the same way gets the same results. Prepare to change the ways things were done in the past. The team leaders need to prove why change is necessary and what the goal is at the end. It is important the team have autonomy, available resources, and pride to workmanship. ATTENTION Leaders: TAKE CARE of your team. Consider bringing in lunch, coffee, refreshments, dinner, certificates of participation, and be creative. There are a variety of templates and simple cheat sheets to provide team members to reference at the Six- Sigma- Material store. Upper management should be aware of meetings, investments required, changes, and allow team member participation as necessary (or as planned). Pulling team members, deferring events, and changing direction will hinder progress and risk the ability to control the gains. It is the job of the GB/BB to ensure all obstacle within management are removed before embarking on a Kaizen Blitz or Six Sigma project. Other hints to help expose waste and maintain a cleaner workplace: 1) Avoid stickers in manufacturing environments. Engrave labels and color code, visual aids. Eliminate flat surfaces on tables (they collect clutter)4) Eliminate unnecessary shelves (also collect clutter)5) Minimize drawers (say it again one more time.... Use light colors of paint to expose grease, oil, dirt, leaks. Local task lighting is cheaper than lighting an entire area. Do everything practical to keep the operator at machine(s) all the time. Put items on stands, casters, or legs (easier to clean around)1. 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African Language Flagship ProgramCross-disciplinary Study & Meaningful Internships For more than ten years, the University of Oregon Chinese Flagship Program has provided students with the. A federally funded Russian language program for UCLA students with any major. The UCLA Russian Flagship is a unique language program designed to enable students to. WKU’s federally funded Chinese Flagship Program is actively redefining the paradigm in language education. Through dynamic integration of Chinese language. Globalize your degree with the University of Hawai. Complete an internship relevant to your career goals at a Chinese organization. Building on the success of The Language Flagship program and the Project Global Officers (Project GO) initiative, NSEP launched the ROTC Flagship initiative in 2011. To meet the needs of learners, secondary courses and modules allow for more individualized instruction and motivate teenagers to keep learning. Students graduate from high school with advanced language proficiency and successfully matriculate into advanced content courses at the University of Oregon. Project oversight and direction comes from the Center for Applied Second Language Studies at the University of Oregon. Building on work already begun by the partner institutions (K- 5 Forms and Functions, 2. PPS's experience in developing language curriculum frameworks for its existing Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish immersion programs, the RILCF was presented to educators at the national meetings of AATSEEL and ACTFL in 2. The final product is available free of charge in electronic format at the PSU Flagship website for use in Russian immersion programs nationwide. In November 2. 01. F- CAP expanded to include Portuguese and has subsequently been renamed the Flagship Language Acquisition Network (F- LAN). The initiative enlists leading K- 1. State Education Agencies, Local Education Agencies in 2. The USOE is building out a. 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This app can connect to any SSH server and provide an interactive terminal.It implements a simple terminal emulator. CNET; REVIEWS; NEWS; DOWNLOAD; VIDEO; HOW TO. The ssh program on Linux, Unix, or Mac is the SSH client. All these systems ship with OpenSSH preinstalled. Comparison of SSH clients An SSH client is a software program. An SSH client is a software program which uses the secure shell protocol to connect to a remote. The DameWare SSH Client for Windows is a robust SSH program and is available for free download. What is an SSH Program? Secure Shell - Wikipedia. Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographicnetwork protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecured network. The protocol specification distinguishes between two major versions, referred to as SSH- 1 and SSH- 2. The most visible application of the protocol is for access to shell accounts on Unix- like operating systems, but it sees some limited use on Windows as well. In 2. 01. 5, Microsoft announced that they would include native support for SSH in a future release. Those protocols send information, notably passwords, in plaintext, rendering them susceptible to interception and disclosure using packet analysis. OpenSSH is the premier connectivity tool for remote login with the SSH protocol. Fast Premium SSH Account Server Singapore, US, Japan, Netherlands, France, Indonesia, Vietnam, Germany. SSH Server in South America Available countries . Secure Shell oder SSH bezeichnet sowohl ein Netzwerkprotokoll als auch entsprechende. RFC 4462 – Generic Security Service Application Program Interface (GSS-API). In this scenario, anyone can produce a matching pair of different keys (public and private). The public key is placed on all computers that must allow access to the owner of the matching private key (the owner keeps the private key secret). While authentication is based on the private key, the key itself is never transferred through the network during authentication. SSH only verifies whether the same person offering the public key also owns the matching private key. In all versions of SSH it is important to verify unknown public keys, i. Accepting an attacker's public key without validation will authorize an unauthorized attacker as a valid user. Key management. When the public key is present on the remote end and the matching private key is present on the local end, typing in the password is no longer required (some software like Message Passing Interface (MPI) stack may need this password- less access to run properly). However, for additional security the private key itself can be locked with a passphrase. The private key can also be looked for in standard places, and its full path can be specified as a command line setting (the option - i for ssh). The ssh- keygen utility produces the public and private keys, always in pairs. SSH also supports password- based authentication that is encrypted by automatically generated keys. In this case the attacker could imitate the legitimate server side, ask for the password, and obtain it (man- in- the- middle attack). However, this is possible only if the two sides have never authenticated before, as SSH remembers the key that the server side previously used. The SSH client raises a warning before accepting the key of a new, previously unknown server. Password authentication can be disabled. SSH is typically used to log in to a remote machine and execute commands, but it also supports tunneling, forwarding. TCP ports and X1. SSH file transfer (SFTP) or secure copy (SCP) protocols. Both are commonly present on most modern operating systems, including Mac OS X, most distributions of Linux, Open. BSD, Free. BSD, Net. BSD, Solaris and Open. VMS. Notably, Windows is one of the few modern desktop/server OSs that does not include SSH by default. Proprietary, freeware and open source (e. Native Linux file managers (e. Konqueror) can use the FISH protocol to provide a split- pane GUI with drag- and- drop. The open source Windows program Win. SCP. Setting up an SSH server in Windows typically involves installation (e. An SSH tunnel can provide a secure path over the Internet, through a firewall to a virtual machine. The goal of SSH was to replace the earlier rlogin, TELNET and rsh protocols, which did not provide strong authentication nor guarantee confidentiality. Towards the end of 1. SSH user base had grown to 2. In December 1. 99. Yl. The original version of the SSH software used various pieces of free software, such as GNU libgmp, but later versions released by SSH Communications Security evolved into increasingly proprietary software. It is estimated that, as of 2. Shortly thereafter, Open. BSD developers forked Gr. From this version, a . OSSH meanwhile has become obsolete. This version is incompatible with SSH- 1. SSH- 2 features both security and feature improvements over SSH- 1. Better security, for example, comes through Diffie. New features of SSH- 2 include the ability to run any number of shell sessions over a single SSH connection. Some of the applications below may require features that are only available or compatible with specific SSH clients or servers. For example, using the SSH protocol to implement a VPN is possible, but presently only with the Open. SSH server and client implementation. For login to a shell on a remote host (replacing Telnet and rlogin)For executing a single command on a remote host (replacing rsh)For setting up automatic (passwordless) login to a remote server (for example, using Open. SSH. Note that only Open. SSH server and client supports this feature. For forwarding X from a remote host (possible through multiple intermediate hosts)For browsing the web through an encrypted proxy connection with SSH clients that support the SOCKS protocol. For securely mounting a directory on a remote server as a filesystem on a local computer using SSHFS. For automated remote monitoring and management of servers through one or more of the mechanisms discussed above. For development on a mobile or embedded device that supports SSH. File transfer protocols. This layer handles initial key exchange as well as server authentication, and sets up encryption, compression and integrity verification. It exposes to the upper layer an interface for sending and receiving plaintext packets with sizes of up to 3. The transport layer also arranges for key re- exchange, usually after 1 GB of data has been transferred or after 1 hour has passed, whichever occurs first. The user authentication layer (RFC 4. This layer handles client authentication and provides a number of authentication methods. Authentication is client- driven: when one is prompted for a password, it may be the SSH client prompting, not the server. The server merely responds to the client's authentication requests. Widely used user- authentication methods include the following. Not all programs implement this method. DSA or RSA keypairs, with other implementations also supporting X. RFC 4. 25. 6): a versatile method where the server sends one or more prompts to enter information and the client displays them and sends back responses keyed- in by the user. Used to provide one- time password authentication such as S/Key or Secur. ID. Used by some Open. SSH configurations when PAM is the underlying host- authentication provider to effectively provide password authentication, sometimes leading to inability to log in with a client that supports just the plain password authentication method. GSSAPI authentication methods which provide an extensible scheme to perform SSH authentication using external mechanisms such as Kerberos 5 or NTLM, providing single sign- on capability to SSH sessions. These methods are usually implemented by commercial SSH implementations for use in organizations, though Open. SSH does have a working GSSAPI implementation. The connection layer (RFC 4. This layer defines the concept of channels, channel requests and global requests using which SSH services are provided. A single SSH connection can host multiple channels simultaneously, each transferring data in both directions. Channel requests are used to relay out- of- band channel- specific data, such as the changed size of a terminal window or the exit code of a server- side process. The SSH client requests a server- side port to be forwarded using a global request. Standard channel types include. SFTP and exec requests (including SCP transfers)direct- tcpip for client- to- server forwarded connectionsforwarded- tcpip for server- to- client forwarded connections. The SSHFP DNS record (RFC 4. This open architecture provides considerable flexibility, allowing the use of SSH for a variety of purposes beyond a secure shell. The functionality of the transport layer alone is comparable to Transport Layer Security (TLS); the user- authentication layer is highly extensible with custom authentication methods; and the connection layer provides the ability to multiplex many secondary sessions into a single SSH connection, a feature comparable to BEEP and not available in TLS. Enhancements. Many of these updated implementations contained a new integer overflow vulnerability. The technical details associated with such a process were not disclosed. Standards documentation. Retrieved January 5, 2. Quoting Barrett and Silverman, SSH, the Secure Shell: The Definitive Guide, O'Reilly & Associates (2. Compatibility With Old SSH Versions, IETF^. A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming (3rd Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP), 2. International Symposium on: 1. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Retrieved 1. 2 November 2. Retrieved 1. 2 November 2. Software cost estimation 26. When you have read this chapter, you will. Estimating of testing effort as a percentage of development time. When providing estimate for software development. Can anyone please suggest a good test effort estimation template-1. Orange Effort Estimation Tool Estimate software development effort with 5 different methods SourceForge. Browse Enterprise Blog Deals Help. This tool enables software development effort estimation using 5. Here’s how other companies in the software development world have used SEER for Software to. SEER for Software clients report. How to estimate a software project. This article explores the possibility of estimating a software project using regular engineering techniques. Introduction. Let us get one thing straight. The only estimation I have done earlier is during my engineering days where I worked out quantities and rates for construction work. The key advantage then was that most of the design and specifications were finalized before the estimation began. If not, one could quote a vague figure called the 'accepted market rate', and then go on changing that figure . Estimating a software project is like estimating what it would take to invent something without knowing what that something is. Function point analysis and cocomo(?) is for geeks. Quite often, software estimates are way off the mark, and the end result being some geeks are then given pink slips. And so, I did a sensible thing. I stayed well clear of estimating software projects. But situations change and it is getting more difficult to avoid this dumb task. The inability to estimate projects, resources, risks etc. Software development cost estimation approaches. Software development costs continue to increase and. The Comparison of the Software Cost Estimating Methods. Cost Estimation For Software Development. Download and Read Effort Estimation Techniques In Software Engineering. Title Type 3653 software engineering PDF lifting lug engineering software PDF engineering drawing software PDF software architecture and engineering eth. SDPM - Lecture 5 - Software effort estimation 7,566 views. Share; Like; Download. Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer ScienceCOCOMO (cont d. Lean software development. CMMI principles and values. Planning poker is a fantastic tool for estimating user stories. Meanwhile, there are more mouths to feed, more financial commitments, more taxes to handle. And anyways, there is no point doing low level coding all your life. One should strive to reach a level where one can really screw things up. Brass Tacks. Right then, enough of cribbing. And my superiors are better at it. What I aim to do is to figure out a way to make estimation of a regular software project similar to estimating a regular engineering project. A typical engineering project estimate contains several parts as follows: Identifying the items of work. The rate is the cost of resources involved per unit of work. The resources are usually: Man- hours. The overheads involve: The establishment charges. The same concept can be extended for estimating software projects. We start by identifying and describing items of work, then the units for the item, the quantity, and so on. Describing items of work can be fairly irritating form a techie point of view, thanks to its verbose nature. The rate part should look normal enough. Usually, overheads and profit margin . By now, many would be smirking and/or condemning this kind of an approach. The main defense in favor of this approach is that most engineering works have to last for years, the project durations range from months to years, and there are many non technical people who believe they know things better than engineers (in some case, it's true). Many engineering projects have critics ranging from politicians, journalists, lawyers, social workers, citizens, idiots, and even engineers. Engineering projects include the Egyptian pyramids, space exploration, or manufacturing paper clips. So, why can't engineering techniques be applied to software development - a field that includes engineers of software, hardware, computers, and networking, and where reliability, robustness, and scalability are required. Identifying items of work. Okay, now for the first part. What does an item of work consist of? In business applications, this could be a workflow, sub workflow, or development of components or sub components. We also need to classify the items of work (i. In the following example, I will create some categories of work in software projects. A typical classification tree could be as shown in the figure below: We can continue working out more categories and subcategories, but for now, we will attempt to estimate within the categories shown above. All the items under hardware category and sub categories are easier to estimate as we can get the costing from their purchase/market value. The same applies to the operating systems, run time software, and tools. The workstation cost includes establishment charges like office space, electricity, water, air conditioning etc. Other costs like renting, licenses, work permits, and taxes for acquiring each item should be added as applicable. Some overheads and hidden costs are not reflected in the tree. These are usually estimated and added as either a lump sum cost or as a percentage of the overall cost. The actual software development costing starts from the category 'Application'. Most business applications have several modules. A module is a feature in an application. Now, we start to identify each item of work for each of its categories. The category 'Framework' provides the backbone on which all the other components in the application link to or depend upon to do common tasks. The framework development could include the following items of work: Data access components. Exception handling. Services (web services, remoting, DCOM, COM+, application server etc.). Security (authorization, authentication, code access, encryption). Resource Files. Miscellaneous (utilities, constants, enumerations) The category 'Presentation' could include the following items of work: GUI (Forms and controls). Custom controls. Animation and Graphics The category 'Business' could include the following items of work: Coding (for work flows and business requirements). Validating data. Formulas and calculations. Data manipulations. Implementing business rules The category 'Data formatter' is used to convert data into acceptable formats before sending and after receiving. The formats can be XML, value objects (an object that is used to carry data from tier to tier), and encryption. The category 'Data storage' could have the following items of work: Database design. Writing SQLs, procedures, triggers. Performance tuning. Flat Files (including text, XML, graphics, multimedia, etc.) The Application itself is a category. In the category Application, an item of work is a work flow. A work flow itself may consists of other workflows and processes. The most common features when fixing a rate for an item of work are the expected amount of work to be done (GUI objects, lines of code, non private methods,) and expected complexity. This depends upon the experience of the bidding company, technology being used, and support available. The amount of work increases with the size of the workflow. If the workflow has a lot of rules, branches, sub workflows, and processes, it indicates complexity. Complex workflows should be broken down into simpler workflows. Therefore, the basis of estimation would be to develop as many workflows as possible and to put in the maximum number of details into the workflow. In case, developing all the workflows is not possible (often the case), then (the business analyst should be able to) map expected workflows to existing workflows so that estimation can be done with better accuracy. Trying to estimate a project without doing the workflows is practically impossible except in the case of static web pages. Now that we have identified some of the items of work, we need to explain them in detail. Determine what exactly is going to be provided (and maybe even what is not being provided), the corresponding specifications, the cost of manpower, hardware, documents and other deliverables, overheads up to completion (or delivery). In software, this would also include the cost of testing, quality assurance, user acceptance testing, and warranties. After describing an item of work, fix the unit for each item. For form development, the unit could be done as numbers (no. Note, the forms maybe further divided into categories depending upon the complexity and content in it. So, do not put all the forms into one single item of work unless all forms are similar to develop. In the Business category, we should identify the main business objects, components, or features, and categorize them depending upon the content and complexity. Again the unit for business category works could be no. The database could be estimated based upon the number of database objects expected, and the complexity of the tables, views, SQLs, procedures, normalization, and level of data integrity required. Once a workflow is done, it should be studied carefully to identify the items of work involved. Below are a set of workflows to request and provide a resource. Categorization. Let us study the resource allotment workflow for different categories. Category Data Storage. This requires resource details to be stored so that resources can be easily stored and retrieved. This involves a relation database management system. The database should contain tables to store resources based upon certain characteristics, say human resources, items, and documents. To retrieve these faster, they can be further categorized and have keywords associated with them. All these categories would themselves be stored in another table(s) and mapped to their parent categories. The request for resource should be mapped to the resources found. Therefore, all requests are stored in a table and can be categorized based upon priority, impact, department/person placing the request, and availability of resource. Finally, the different criteria for accepting or rejecting a resource should be recorded along with the department/person who accepted or rejected the resource, along with an explanation. The criteria for accepting/rejecting a resource could be stored in another table and also could be categorized. To place requests, search and allocate for resources would require writing SQLs. By viewing the functionality of the screens (if prototypes are available) as well as the workflow itself gives a fair idea of the complexity of the SQLs to be developed. So right away, we get an idea of what is required from the data storage point of view. Category Presentation. The persons in charge of resource allocation would need to view the requests for resources. They should also be able to sort resources based upon the status of the request, date of the request, priority, impact, department, costing etc. This would help them decide how to handle each request. The resource in charge persons should be able to search for resources based upon categories and sub categories, keywords, status, location etc. Finally, a resource should be mapped to a request. Casas en renta en Morelia, Michoac. Ejecutivos Departamentos Amueblados Temporales Con Todos Los Servicios Incluidos, Ubicados En La Mejor Zona De Morelia Chapultepec, La Am Blanco Galindo, Cochab, PRECIO DE OCASI Excelente Vista, muy privado, especial para quinta de descanso, con vista al valle del Guarco, topografia quebrada. Compra de Fincas Venta de Fincas. Granjas Compra o vende en Allanuncios. Hermoso terreno de gran extensi. Con dos accesos que lo hacen m. Se recibe propiedad en. Venta de equipos de Computo marca Dell y Lenovo!!!!CPU Browser Developer's Tools . Right, a visitor doesn’t want to know about them, if he isn’t into Java. Script. For develpers, there are great tools to see errors and debug scripts, in all major browsers. Firefox. To develop in firefox, there is a tool named Firebug. Install. Grab it at: http: //getfirebug. Install it and restart the browser.
Firebug should show up in the right- bottom corner of the browser: Open and enable Console. Click on the bug icon to open Firebug. The Console functionality is initially disabled, so we need to click and enable it: Enter the buggy page. Make sure Firebug is open, and then visit a buggy page: bug. You can see it’s source by pressing Ctrl- U or going to menu View - > View Source. Firebug Console should show you the error: Obviously, there is no variable or function lalala. Click on it to get to the source code. With the Developer Tools in Script tab, begin the debugging process by clicking the Start Debugging button or pressing F5. Clicking this button will trigger these events: A Debugging Requires. Using Visual Studio to debug JavaScript in IE can really speed up your JavaScript development and save you some headaches Anyone who has done some work with JavaScript knows it can be very frustrating. Often you have to use. Enable the panels you need. Firebug also opens on F1. Internet Explorer. In IE starting with version 8, there is a similar native debugger, disabled by default. Enable Debugging. Go to menu Tools - > Internet Options: Switch to Advanced tab and scroll until you see checked. Disable Script Debugging item. Uncheck it: Try it. Now, visit the buggy page: bug. A window should open suggesting you to start debugging. Press “Yes” and enjoy. Other browsers. Google Chrome. Go to menu Tools - > Developer Tools. Safari. In Safari, you should first enable the Develop Menu. Go menu Preferences, tab Advanced: Check the “Show Develop menu” option. Then you need to enable menu in Preferenes - > Show Menu bar. Now the tools become available through the Menu bar, under Develop item: Opera. In Opera, you need to enable Show Menu bar first. The developer tools are called “Opera Dragonfly” and available under Tools - > Advanced menu: IE< 8. For IE< 8, there is Microsoft Script Debugger, available in several flavours: MS Office. Doesn’t install by default, you have to check the option when instaling MS Office, search it under Script Editor. MS Visual Studio. The debugger is available if web- development components are installed. No need to install C# etc. MS Script Debugger Express. A piece of crap. Visual Studio is the best option for IE< 8. Also, there is Internet Explorer Developer Toolbar for page inspection. You’ll need it for IE7 and (oh) IE6. |
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